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The first chapter assesses the nature of global inequality across countries by examining changes in real per capita income relative to global income. Between 1988 and 2008, referred to as the “high globalisation era”, people earning around the median of global income1 experienced the fastest growth in real income per capita. This group represents approximately one-fifth of the global population, comprising mainly the middle class of developing Asian economies, such as Indonesia, India and China, the “emerging global middle class.”